In the last few Python snippet posts, we've been on a bit of a formatting binge. First we looked at a number of special formatting options for numbers using the Formatting Specification Mini Language, and then we looked at nested string interpolation. This week we're tackling printing numbers in different bases, and we're going to build a little colour converter at the end.
As with all of our special formatting options, we start with a string that includes some curly braces for string interpolation. We add a colon inside the curly braces, and then our options come after. In our case, we just have to add a single letter, and which letter depends on how which base we want to use to represent our number:
base_10 = 231
print(f"This is the number in binary: {base_10 :b}")
# This is the number in binary: 11100111
Here we added :b inside the curly braces, which formatted our base_10 number as a binary representation of that number.
Let's look at a few more examples:
base_10 = 231
print(f"This is the number in octal: {base_10 :o}")
# This is the number in octal: 347
print(f"This is the number in hexadecimal: {base_10 :x}")
# This is the number in hexadecimal: e7
print(f"This is the number in uppercase hexadecimal: {base_10 :X}")
# This is the number in uppercase hexadecimal: E7
We can also convert a number from another base to decimal this way:
base_16 = int("E7", base=16)
print(f"This is the number in decimal: {base_16 :d}")
# This is the number in decimal: 231
You can find tables listing the various presentation types here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language
An RGB to Hex Colour Converter
Now that we've taken a look at some of the options, let's put them to use! We're going to create a quick RGB to hex colour converter. RGB values look like this: (11, 255, 68). The first value represents the amount of red in the colour, the second value represents the amount of green, and the third value represents the amount of blue.
Hexadecimal colours work in a similar way, but instead of using three comma separated values, hex colours use pairs of hexadecimal values that together form a 6 character string. Usually this string of characters has a # in front of it. An example might be #e3f102, which can also be written as #E3F102 with capital letters. They're absolutely identical. Once again, the colours are broken up into red, green, and blue, with each pair of values representing the amount of a given colour.
In order to convert from RGB to hexadecimal we have to convert each channel separately, ensuring that each hexadecimal value has two numerals. Then we have to glue all of the values together and prepend the # symbol.
One case we have to look out for is when an RGB channel value is less than 16. Because hexadecimal is base-16, numbers less than 16 can be represented with a single numeral. For example, the hexadecimal value for 12 is just c. In our code, we need to represent this as 0c instead, so we're going to use Python's formatting language to add a zero before any hexadecimal value with only one numeral.
The syntax for this is :02x, which means represent the number as hexadecimal (x), display the number with two figures (2), and pad the number with zeroes if we have fewer than two figures (0).
red = 12
green = 205
blue = 81
hex_red = f"{red:02x}"
# 0c
hex_green = f"{green:02x}"
# cd
hex_blue = f"{blue:02x}"
# 51
That's a lot of code repetition, so let's turn our RGB values into a tuple and iterate over it to convert each value. We can use a list comprehension for this:
rgb = (12, 205, 81)
hex_colours = [f"{channel:02x}" for channel in rgb]
# ['0c', 'cd', '51']
Now that we have this list of hex colour pairs, we can join them using the join method (see documentation), to turn them into a single connected string. We can then attach this string to "#".
rgb = (12, 205, 81)
hex_color = "#" + "".join([f"{channel:02x}" for channel in rgb])
print(f"Converted {rgb} to {hex_color}")
# Converted (12, 205, 81) to #0ccd51
Wrapping Up
That's it for this week! I hope you enjoyed that mini project and I hope you learnt something new about formatting numbers.
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